Article: ocd research paper
December 22, 2020 | Uncategorized
In normal cognitive processing, irrelevant and intrusive thoughts are simply ignored, whereas in cognitive processing by people with OCD these thoughts are attended to, believed important, and attempts to suppress them are undertaken. Finally, tell about the treatment of OCD: ⦠Our customer support team is available Monday-Friday 9am-5pm EST. Maybe you were looking for an official unclassified document. Numerous studies have shown that using from 10 to 20 sessions of ERP produces significant improvement in symptoms. Comorbidity with anxiety disorders is quite high, ranging from 25 to 60%, with the highest frequencies for specific phobias, followed by social phobia and panic disorder. In particular, parents of OCD patients and/or subclinical obsessive compulsives have been found to be overprotective, critical, perfectionistic, and risk aversive. Evidence that spouse assistance in exposure treatment improves outcome, at least in the short run, has been reported by some investigators, although more research is needed to clarify the amount of added benefit over individual treatment. Research on predictors of success with ERP has failed to reveal consistent trends. EssayEmpire is the best choice for those who seek help in research paper writing related to psychology topics. It is possible that compensatory mechanisms in the body mask peripheral markers that would indicate serotonin dysregulation. Living with OCD Although many people experience minor obsessions (e.g. A second widely noted cognitive characteristic is an exaggerated sense of responsibility for harm that might befall oneself or others. Furthermore, administration of serotonin receptor antagonists reverses this effect. This section reviews the three major theoretical models for the development and maintenance of OCD and the treatment methods derived from these models, and summarizes evidence for the effectiveness of these treatments. Further research is necessary to test the hypothesis that obsessional thoughts (like schizophrenic thoughts) result from a failure in the cognitive inhibition of associations to ongoing stimulation. Similar findings have emerged for general memory deficits. These reports are suggestive enough to warrant closer examination of a possible link with obsessive and compulsive symptoms. The treatment was successful for 85 % of the patients and the gains were maintained at 1-year follow-up. There is strong evidence for frontal-striatal circuit involvement in OCD. English 102 From a cognitive perspective, several types of beliefs or assumptions contribute to inaccurate appraisal. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder, defined by intrusive thoughts that cause uneasiness, apprehension, worry, and / or fear. What men may find acceptable, women may find it offensive, and classify it as sexual harrasment. The findings were that college students who are higher in temptation drink more and experience more alcohol-related problems when they perceive drinking to be more prevalent among their peers. When the ritual is prevented, habituation of anxiety will eventually occur. Based on this evidence and that of basal ganglia involvement, in 1992, Insel suggested a hyperactive cortical-striatal-thalamic-corticalcircuit in OCD. People with OCD may believe that simply having an unwanted, objectionable thought is morally equivalent to engaging in the objectionable act, a form of moral “thought-action fusion.” Furthermore, when OCD patients imagine negative events, they may come to believe that the events are more likely to actually occur. The rituals are attempts to change this “fictional narrative” by changing what is real. An important question concerning the relationship of OCD and depression is whether the depression that accompanies OCD is primary or secondary. Epidemiology and Clinical CourseB. Preoccupations with food, alcohol, drugs, gambling, and buying are readily distinguishable from obsessive fears of contamination, causing harm, preventing danger, and other anxiety-provoking concerns and rituals. The influence of family members on the maintenance of OCD symptoms also remains largely unexplored. Several researchers have suggested the use of support groups for patients and family members. Only age of onset predicted outcome. Compulsions are usually applied rigidly or excessively. Rather than forming an hypothesis about an obsessional fear (the table is dirty) and testing it (feeling the table), the person with OCD changes the evidence to fit the hypothesis (the table must be dirty because I can imagine it dirty). A related hypothesis suggests that OCD patients fail to adequately inhibit irrelevant stimuli during normal processing, interfering with their focus on relevant stimuli. Although the effectiveness of SRIs in treating OCD suggest that patients suffer from a functional deficit in serotonin, surprisingly, pharmacologic challenge studies have suggested the opposite. Observational or informational learning also seems to account for the onset of some cases of OCD, particularly when patients report that their symptoms resemble their parents’ behavior. Reviews of combined ERP and SRI efficacy are hampered by the small number of studies using both treatments and by the inconsistencies in outcome measures. Others have reported that this form of cognitive therapy altered unrealistic beliefs in a case with overvalued ideas. October 21, 2020 help me for research paper. The dirt can only be felt but not removed. Cognitive CharacteristicsC. Biological Treatments for OCDIV. Baxter, L., Schwartz, J., Guze, B., Bergman, K., & Szuba, M. (1990). Perfectionism has been closely linked to OCD in both theory and clinical descriptions of the disorder. After 5 to 6 years, only 2 patients relapsed. View Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. The name defines the word perfect in most humane and righteous way, devoted to produce products of excellence that takes care of the environment and its people---praetor, protector. One subtype may be those with early onset (especially males), tics, and/or schizotypal traits. Steketee, G. (1993). Research on the six cognitive characteristics associated with OCD identified by international experts in the field is an obvious place to start this process. Substantial reductions in YBOCS scores among patients in multiple family therapy groups that included spouses/partners, parents, and other relatives have been reported. Tourette’s, Sydenham’s chorea, and other tic disorders have shown an association with OCD. Based on the information from alibaba.com (2005), refined glycerin serves as an emollient, humectants, solvent, and lubricant in personal care products. One form of Tourette’s may be OCD-related and some OCD cases are Tourette’s-related. Impulses are the result of the obsession. For patients with severe depression, obsessions only, and overvalued ideas about obsessions, however, clomipramine appears to be more effective. These include overestimation of risk, excessive responsibility, controllability, overimportance of thoughts, intolerance of ambiguity, and perfectionism. These theorists hypothesize that fear-related memories are stored in fear structures that are activated by exposure to a fear stimulus. Sex, age of onset, symptom severity, and duration have generally not been found to predict success in ERP. Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Also check our tips on how to write a research paper, see the lists of psychology research paper topics, and browse research paper examples. Related to memory dysfunction in OCD, some argue that OCD patients also fail to categorize and integrate information properly. So far, no studies examining the efficacy of SRIs compared to or combined with cognitive treatments have been reported. Published by Jessica White on June 28, 2020. Even if your order paragraph that funnels ocd research paper starting from 10. The symptoms start to show at about the age of 30 (A.D.A.M.M.). Alternating cognitive therapy with response prevention resulted in improvement in a suicidal adolescent who previously refused exposure. Meta-analytic comparisons among the SRIs show a preference for clomipramine, although at least one such study was equivocal on this issue. In search of the answer to this question, the researchers choose to test the standards as they exist right now; how they relate to transformational leadership. This suggests that the mental activity associated with obsessional thinking can be localized in the frontal lobe. If exposure-based treatments can change cognitions associated with OCD, and if, as is suggested by the cognitive theories just reviewed, these cognitions are important components of the disorder, then perhaps other ways of changing cognitions exist. Ocd research paper Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Symptoms, causes, and treatment. The active voice, rather than passive voice, should be used in your writing. OCD is an anxiety disorder that is described as someone with obsessive thoughts and/or compulsive behavior. Some have even suggested that they are actually forms of OCD. Although these drugs are also considered antidepressants, the SRIs appear to work for OCD patients whether or not they are depressed. [From here on out each article will be referred to as article one, two, and three (respectfully)]. While this can account for the onset of a number of cases, there is evidence that it does not account for all. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an Axis I Anxiety Disorder in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The degree of benefit and the consistency of ERP results from multiple treatment sites and countries are quite impressive and clearly indicate that exposure and response prevention is an effective intervention. More research is also needed on the effects of method of administration. The parents of OCD cleaners are hypothesized to be overcontrolling and overprotective and may model excessive cleaning behaviors. Refined glycerin is used in medical and pharmaceutical preparations, mainly as a means of improving smoothness, provide lubrication and humectants. There is also little evidence to suggest that race or socioeconomic status are associated with OCD, although at least one study suggests that African-Americans may present with more severe OCD symptomatology. Cognitive TreatmentsE. The findings fail to support any difficulties in distinguishing actual from imagined actions. Subjects watch fearful and nonfearful words presented in different colors and are asked to name the color of the word. These repeated behaviors or mental acts are undertaken to relieve anxiety provoked by the obsessions and are called compulsions. Unfortunately, few studies report dropout or noncompliance rates for SRIs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31,463-478. These patients have been found to respond poorly to treatment. Obsession is often unwanted, recurrent, and disturbing thoughts that a person cannot stop and can result in severe anxiety. Neuropsychological testing and electroencephalogram (EEG) studies suggest that deficits in frontal lobe functioning also play a role in OCD. According to article one, one of the questions posed was concerning transformational leadership in the public area. Example Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper. Case studies of the application of this type of therapy have been promising. Some sufferers are imprisoned by infinite rituals. Although it may be too early to tell whether completely self-directed ERP is effective, it may represent a significant development in the treatment of ERP. OCD is an anxiety disorder. Professor Smut should be fired from Edinboro University. Exposure with response prevention and serotonergic antidepressants in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A review and implications for interdisciplinary treatment. Personal care and motivation stems from transformational leadership. A substantial number of clinical and placebo controlled trials have now been conducted with the serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including clomipramine (Anafranil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), and sertraline (Zoloft). Direct evidence of the role of serotonin in OCD comes from two types of studies. This article provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder. In any case, there is clear evidence of a striatal abnormality in OCD, but whether it is primary or secondary is not clear. Such efforts at control are hypothesized to be evident in hypervigilance for mental events, in a moral attitude toward control as a virtue, and in feared psychological and behavioral consequences of the failure to control thoughts. This overestimation of threat is part of an inaccurate appraisal process which contributes to the development of OCD. So far i have: Someone who is getting ready for school but has to stop to count objects or was their hands multiple times might have ocd. Cognitive ModelsD. Free research papers are not written to satisfy your specific instructions. The intent of the compulsion is often hidden from the casual observer or even close family members. Furthermore, another investigation found that this type of therapy–focusing on excessive responsibility and without ERP improved successful in treating four patients with checking rituals. Obsessive ¡V Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (henceforth OCD) is an anxiety related disorders and is a potentially disabling condition that can persist throughout a person¡¦s life. Meta-analytic reviews have provided additional information about comparative efficacy. The first step in the process is an appraisal of an intrusive thought as an indication that they are in some way responsible for harm or its prevention. There may be some utility to identifying subtypes of OCD. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) As a result, research has started to examine research paper supported strategies that may improve treatment outcome and reduce help of future relapse. The content of obsessions and compulsions vary considerably from patient to patient, sharing only the disturbing nature of the intrusions and the ritualistic efforts to neutralize the obsessions. Steketee, G., & White, K. (1990). Others have reported a slight advantage for the combination of fluoxetine and behavior therapy at 6 months, but after 1 year the effects are minimal. Ocd Apa Paper. Exposure and response prevention was developed by British researchers in the early 1970s to treat hospital patients who feared contamination and performed washing rituals. Research has also indicated that OCD is often present in eating disorders, with the relationship dating back decades and was first documented in scientific research in the 1930s and was associated with the personality traits of âcompulsion neurosisâ and âcompulsive obsessiveâ (Pollack & Forbush, 2013). The majority of patients report an onset of depressive symptoms that occurred after the onset of OCD, and several investigators have found that successful treatment of OCD resulted in the reduction of depressive symptoms. Consequently, processing ordinary information requires more conscious effort and active suppression of irrelevant or unwanted thoughts. Although this provides strong evidence for the role of serotonin in the biology of OCD, drug response studies are not the best source of evidence for neurochemical processes. These symptoms consume at least an hour a day and interfere with the person’s normal activities. Section 2007 1- psychological disorder: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -OCD⦠Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) They suggest that ERP may reduce the overestimation of risk experienced by people with OCD. An individual with OCD tends to worry about many different things. The symptoms, risk factors, causes, self-care, and treatment are the same for each form. Neuroendocrine responses to pharmacologic challenge suggest a hyposensitivity, whereas behavioral responses suggest a hypersensitivity. After 12 weeks, both exposure treatment conditions showed significant improvement in OCD symptoms, while the control group did not. In a 2001 World Health Organization mental health report, it was estimated that, in the year 2000, OCD was among the top 20 causes of illness-related disability, worldwide, for people between 15 and 44 years of age. Most people have a spam filter and can simply ignore incoming junk mail. Unfortunately, peripheral marker studies have been inconsistent in establishing the role of serotonin function in OCD. These fixed-action patterns are innate species-specific responses that are motor programs for action and take the form of grooming and safety rituals. More active strategies like compulsive behaviors are needed to prevent harm or restore a feeling of safety. Efforts at suppression typically provoke a paradoxical increase in the intrusions and associated discomfort. Little information is available regarding relapse rates for the SRIs. Because of a failure to recognize proper category boundaries, OCD patients create artificial structures that become rituals to determine the proper end of a sequence of behaviors. Progress in this endeavor depends on the conceptualization and measurement of these phenomena. Symptom decreases of 45% at discharge and 60% at 6-month follow-up indicate good success with family member involvement. Fear activated by exposure will dissipate unless neutralized by a compulsion. Stop obsessing: How to overcome your obsessions and compulsions. Other researcher’s cite that Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as the fourth most common mental illness along with phobias, depression, and substance abuse. Behavioral TreatmentsC. The discovery of the effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in treating OCD produced a surge of speculation and theory about a biological basis for the disorder. They can abuse alcohol. What distinguishes people with OCD is not the experience of intrusive thoughts, but the way in which their occurrence and content are interpreted. Reviews of the available literature have recommended cingulotomy as the first choice for psychosurgery with these patients. Extensive research has been done on social norms and how it influences behavior People conform to what others do in attempts to feel included. All three articles had similarities in research questions; the main idea what the biggest similarity does transformational leadership impact how employees react. Preliminary results from a multicenter trial suggests that ERP alone may be more effective than clomipramine and the combination of clomipramine and ERP. Two types of explanations have emerged. While 40% of those with OCD can identify no clear precipitant, some research suggests that changes in life roles and demands (i.e., pregnancy, childbirth, etc.) Anxiety disorders, depression, alcohol abuse (dependence), eating disorders, Tourette’s syndrome, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, and schizophrenia have all been found to be associated with OCD. As a result, the globus pallidus fails to inhibit the thalamus from sending signals to the cortex. A newer method of psychosurgery, gamma knife, may also show promise for intractable OCD. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our research paper writing service and buy a paper on any topic at affordable price. Substantial evidence supports a behavioral account of OCD in which obsessions increase discomfort and compulsions reduce it. After attending a course on the five forces acting on the. If negative appraisal occurs without the appraisal of responsibility, neutralization will not take place and the result will be anxiety and/or depression, but not OCD. Both external cues (objects or situations) and internal triggers (thoughts, images, or impulses) serve as fear stimuli and can produce obsessional discomfort. In OCD patients, basal ganglia dysfunction allows the inappropriate release of fixed-action patterns (i.e., compulsive rituals). rituals, like avoiding the cracks in the pavement), these donât significantly Recent research on thought-action fusion supports the importance of this construct. 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