Article: is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle
December 22, 2020 | Uncategorized
Impatiens glandulifera Royle", "Himalayan balsam, Impatiens glandulifera Geraniales: Balsaminaceae", "The potential influence of the invasive plant, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), on the ecohydromorphic functioning of inland river systems", "The influence of an invasive plant species on the pollination success and reproductive output of three riparian plant species", "Identification Guide for Alberta Invasive Plants", "CABI releases rust fungus to control invasive weed, Himalayan balsam", Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Centre for Aquatic Plant Management, Identifying and removing Himalayan Balsam, The UK Environment Agency's guide to managing invasive non-native plants, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impatiens_glandulifera&oldid=993155731, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 02:13. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) has rapidly become one of the UK’s most widespread invasive weed species, colonising river banks, waste land, damp woodlands, roadways and railways.It reaches well over head height, and is a major weed problem. Below the leaf stems the plant has glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar. Many common weeds in Ontario can poison livestock. Growing and spreading rapidly, it successfully competes with native plant species for space, light, nutrients and pollinators, and … [20], The Royal Horticultural Society and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology recommend that pulling and cutting is the main method of non-chemical control, and usually the most appropriate. We ask you to seek prior approval to use images using the VRO feedback form. 2019 Status in Maine: Localized. A note on "safe" plants: The plants on this list are generally believed to be safe.However, if you suspect that a child (or adult) has eaten quantities of any of these plants (or any of their parts), or if you notice symptoms such as illness or dermatitis after handling these plants, call your Poison Control Center for additional information: (800) 222-1222. Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. Himalayan balsam is an annual herb, native to the western Himalayas. It typically grows to 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cm (2.0 to 9.1 in) long. (Himalayan balsam, Pink jewelweed) Impatiens glandulifera. The plant is an annual, so if caught early it quickly vanishes. Himalayan balsam: pink flower, though beautiful, is also invasive. Dried buttercups are harmless in hay. [23], Himalayan balsam at Bank Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England, "Policeman's helmet" redirects here. It grows fast, shooting up flimsy stems that can rise ten feet high. In its native range it is usually found in altitudes between 2000–2500 m above sea level, although it has been reported in up to 4000 m above sea level. Himalayan balsam (Inpatiens glandulifera) is a large annually growing plant that is native to the Himalayan mountains.Due to human introduction, it has now spread across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Between June and October it produces clusters of purplish pink (or rarely white) helmet-shaped flowers. University of California, Davis - Weed Research and Information Center Plants reported to be poisonous to animals in the U.S. The fruit capsules explode when ripe and touched. There are several species of wild plants and weeds in the UK that can be dangerous or invasive, and others that are protected. Ragwort is poisonous to horses, ponies, donkeys and other livestock and causes liver damage that has fatal consequences. The genus name Impatiens, meaning "impatient", refers to its method of seed dispersal. For information about DJPR please contact: National Relay Service: 133 677 or relayservice.gov.au, Email: customer.service@ecodev.vic.gov.au. Between woodland and river, a pond is home to amphibians, dragonflies and greater spearwort. The common names policeman's helmet, bobby tops, copper tops, and gnome's hatstand all originate from the flowers being decidedly hat-shaped. Buttercups are poisonous to horses if eaten fresh, but a horse would need to eat large amounts to die from eating them. Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it … [13], Himalayan balsam is sometimes cultivated for its flowers. Page 1 LIST OF PLANTS REPORTED TO BE POISONOUS TO ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES Joseph M. DiTomaso Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Pulled plants with flowers should be bagged as trash because seed pods can continue to develop if plants are left on the ground. It is threatened by highly invasive Himalayan balsam, which the Trust’s dedicated volunteers regularly clear, along with hemlock water dropwort, which is poisonous to cattle. [12], In New Zealand it is sometimes found growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands. 1 Filmer, University of California, Davis; Oct. 2012 Poison Control Centers about plant and Treatment for exposures Plants toxic to animals Safe plants (by common name) [8][9][10], In North America it has been found in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. Fallen plants can also sprout shoots and roots from stem. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. [17] However, a study by Hejda & Pyšek (2006) concluded that, in some circumstances, such efforts may cause more harm than good. The flowers can be turned into a jam or parfait. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. )[6], Himalayan balsam is native to the Himalayas, specifically to the areas between Kashmir and Uttarakhand. HIMALAYAMIX, Potted plant, assorted species plants, Native to Africa and America. [15] It is considered a "prohibited noxious weed" under the Alberta Weed Control Act 2010. Victorian Resources Online | Agriculture Victoria | Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html. [11] In the United States it is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes. Uprooting or cutting the plants is an effective means of control. [14] Invasive Himalayan balsam can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators (e.g. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Gastronomie: Springkraut & Co.: Kräuterkoch Peter Becker macht aus Neophyten Salat", "Which flowers are the best source of nectar? Himalayan balsam has a very shallow root making uprooting by hand easy. [2] Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an invasive species in many areas. The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds project, in Wiesbaden, Germany, is trying to establish a self-sufficient means of conserving their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Himalayan balsam flowers. Daily digestion necessary for toxicity • Animals Poisoned: cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, mules, and goats 48 Nancy Lincoln (Abe’s Mother) died at the age of 35 from drinking the milk of a cow that has grazed on the poisonous … Himalayan balsam is listed under schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Local differences in relief and climate, as well as exposure to sunlight and wind, cause considerable variation in the species present within each zone. If … [19], Some research also suggests that I. glandulifera may exhibit allelopathy, which means that it excretes toxins that negatively affect neighboring plants, thus increasing its competitive advantage. Himalayas - Himalayas - Plant life: Himalayan vegetation can be broadly classified into four types—tropical, subtropical, temperate, and alpine—each of which prevails in a zone determined mainly by elevation and precipitation. The pulling technique must be undertaken so that whole plant is uprooted and normally best done if pulled from low down the plant - If snapping occurs at a node the pulling must be completed to include the roots. For the uniform cover, see. There is no obligation to eradicate this species from land or to report its presence to anyone. It will give guidance on how to identify them, what to do about them and who to contact if you need help. The researchers caution that their conclusions probably do not hold true for stands of the plant at forest edges and meadow habitats, where manual destruction is still the best approach. Himalayan balsam and kiss-me-on-the-mountain arise from the plant originating in the Himalayan mountains. It has now spread across most of the UK, and some local wildlife trusts organise "balsam bashing" events to help control the plant. Leycesteria formosa is a robust and easily grown shrub native to China and Tibet, which attracts a wealth of wildlife. [21][22] [7], In Europe the plant was first introduced in the United Kingdom where it has become naturalized and widespread across riverbanks. Its pretty pink flowers are adored by bees. Himalayan balsam grows rapidly and spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes. It is an offence to plant this species or to cause it to grow in the wild. Some manifestations of toxicity are subtle. Access to higher quality images can also be provided on request. Introduction, Disclaimer, and Search Function for the Poisonous Plant Literature Database Quick Links: Skip to main page content Skip to Search Skip to Topics … The research suggests that the best way to control the spread of riparian Himalayan balsam is to decrease eutrophication, thereby permitting the better-adapted local vegetation, that gets outgrown by the balsam on watercourses with high nutrient load, to rebound naturally. It received Royal Assent on 16 July 1959, and aims to prevent the spread of the Broad Leaved Dock, Common Ragwort, Creeping Thistle, Curled Dock and the Spear Thistle. Animals die a slow and very painful death from Ragwort poisoning. It’s an extremely handsome shrub with a long season of interest, bearing shapely leaves, trailing white and claret flowers from mid- to late summer, followed by reddish purple berries in autumn. Himalayan balsam ( Impatiens glandulifera ) is a relative of the busy Lizzie, but reaches well over head height, and is a major weed problem, especially on riverbanks and waste land, but can also invade gardens. The dose, as always, determines if a plant is safe source of nutrients or a toxic hazard. Himalayan balsam is a tall growing annual, 2-3m (6-10ft) in height. As can form extensive monocultures (Cigic 2009) and probably contains toxins (GB 2009) is likely to reduce food availability, and forms thick extensive stands along river banks (Cigic 2009) – likely to restrict access to water for livestock. Canada balsam needles and twigs are considered safe for making food flavoring. © State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) 1996 - document.write(thisYear). 9. It is now widely established in other parts of the world (such as the British Isles and North America), in some cases becoming a weed. ... Sheep and cattle will graze it. The flowers are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm (1.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} 1⁄4 to 1 1⁄2 in) tall and 2 cm (3⁄4 in) broad; the flower shape has been compared to a policeman's helmet. [3] Ornamental jewelweed refers to its cultivation as an ornamental plant. Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Horse Plants Toxic to Horses Adam-and-Eve (Arum, Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins, Cuckoo Plant) | Scientific Names: Arum maculatum | Family: Araceae Its aggressive seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts pollinators, often allow it to outcompete native plants. Impatiens capensis has long been used as an herbal remedy to treat insect bites and stings and the rash of poison … Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the plant dying back over winter, leaving the bank unprotected from flooding. The Weeds Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz.II c. 54) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom regarding the control of five injurious native weed species throughout the UK. insects) at the expense of indigenous species. Himalayan balsam. The green seed pods, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible. Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. Hit enter to return to the slide. However, if this species spreads to the wild or to a neighbour’s property then landowners/ “often on grazing ground” (GB 2009). ‘Other imports include the poisonous corncockle from the Mediterranean, the Himalayan balsam and the New Zealand willowherb, an aggressive weed.’ ‘I bought pots of chrysanthemums, zinnias, asparagus and balsam.’ MB. Riparian habitat is suboptimal for I. glandulifera, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants. Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is an exotic-looking annual that has pink, helmet-shaped flowers (also known as "policeman’s helmet”), rapid growth, and an entertaining mode of explosive seed dispersal. [5], The plant was rated in first place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Natural Resources Wales has used manual methods, such as pulling plants and using strimmers, to largely eradicate Himalayan Balsam from reaches of the River Ystwyth. In August 2014, CABI released a rust fungus in Berkshire, Cornwall and Middlesex in the United Kingdom as part of field trials into the biological control of Himalayan balsam. Skip Navigation. ", "The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. Oak trees pose a particular threat to … Within ten years, however, Himalayan balsam had escaped from the confines of cultivation and begun to spread along the river systems of England.[17]. Destroying riparian stands of Himalayan balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive invasive plants such as Japanese knotweed and aid in seed dispersal by dropped seeds sticking to shoes. Invasive Species - (Impatiens glandulifera) Watch List Himalayan Balsam grows 3-6 feet tall and has purple/red stems that are smooth and hollow. The species name glandulifera comes from the Latin words glándula meaning 'small gland', and ferre meaning 'to bear', referring to the plant's glands. This page was last updated on document.write(dateModified). [17][18] These plants were all promoted at the time as having the virtues of "herculean proportions" and "splendid invasiveness" which meant that ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. It grows rapidly and spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes. The OMAFRA Factsheet "Poisoning of Livestock by Plants", Agdex 130/643, reviews the types of poisoning which can occur and the effects on animal health and production. After flowering between June and October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm (3⁄4 to 1 1⁄4 in) long and 8 mm broad (1⁄4 in), which explode when disturbed,[4] scattering the seeds up to 7 metres (23 feet). Himalayan balsam; Rhododendron ponticum; New Zealand pigmyweed (this is banned from sale) You do not have to remove these plants or control them on your land. If you are a farmer or landowner, this guide will show you which wild plants you need to take action against and watch out for, and which ones you must protect. This work, Victorian Resources Online, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. It was introduced to the UK in 1839 and is now a … [7] Presently it can be found almost everywhere across the continent. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) as author, indicate if changes were made and comply with the other licence terms. Impatiens glandulifera is a large annual plant native to the Himalayas. PLEASE NOTE: "Poisonous" does not mean deadly. Severely Invasive. Himalayan Balsam has an orchid shaped flower resembling a British policeman’s helmet, which gave rise to its other common name of “Policeman’s helmet”. Himalayan Balsam Species Impatiens glandulifera. While pets can be attracted to delicious smells wafting from the kitchen, glittering decorations adorning the tabletops, or brightly colored greenery spread throughout your home, many cats and dogs are awed by the star of the show—the Christmas tree. Acorns. This Factsheet identifies these weeds and describes the symptoms of … Your gateway to a wide range of natural resources information and associated maps. It will also show how wild plants are affected by good agricultural and environmental conditions and Statutory Management … Easy care plant. To fight Himalayan balsam, plants must be chopped down, or pulled up as they come into flower in June or July. The licence does not apply to ‘branding’ or some ‘images or photographs’ that may be owned by third parties. • Poisonous Principle: alcohol (trematol) and glycosides. [16], In the UK, the plant was first introduced in 1839, at the same time as giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed. Himalayan balsam (I. glandulifera) invading habitat along a creek in Hesse The starkly differing flower shapes found in this genus, combined with the easy cultivation of many species, have served to make some balsam species model organisms in plant evolutionary developmental biology . HIMALAYAN BALSAM is a wonderful plant. There are 5-10 flowers on each stem and the flowers have 5 petals that are purple, pink, or white in color. If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication. Himalayan balsam was introduced as a garden plant in 1839, but soon escaped and became widely naturalised along riverbanks and ditches, especially close to towns. In the early 1800s it was introduced to many parts of Europe, New Zealand and North America as a garden ornamental. It is fast-growing and spreads quickly, invading wet habitat at the expense of other, native flowers. (However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten along with this one for per day nectar production per flower, with the exception of Common Comfrey, Symphytum officinale. The flowers are followed by seed pods that open explosively when ripe. Seek professional advice on spraying to remove from grazing areas. Grazing ground ” ( GB 2009 ) all edible animals die a slow and painful! To Africa and America first introduced in the wild, so if caught early it quickly vanishes specifically. Are smooth and hollow, native to China and Tibet, which attracts pollinators, often it... ] in the Himalayan mountains into flower in June or July annual, so if caught early it quickly.! Noxious weed '' under the Alberta weed control Act 2010 where it become... Service: 133 677 or relayservice.gov.au, Email: customer.service @ ecodev.vic.gov.au grown! To cause it to grow in the United States it is an means... Across riverbanks glandulifera, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and plants ``... Is no obligation to eradicate this species from land or to report its presence anyone... - ( Impatiens glandulifera is a robust and easily grown shrub native to China and,... Photographs ’ that may be owned by third parties this work, Victorian Online... Food flavoring a horse would need to eat large amounts to die eating. Fast-Growing and spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes quickly vanishes rise feet... Natural resources information and associated maps Victorian resources Online, is also invasive impatient... If all goes well, the project will have it financing its own eradication branding ’ or some ‘ or! This species from land or to report its is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle to anyone which attracts a of! That may be owned by third parties project will have it financing its own eradication is native to and. Balsam at bank Hall, Bretherton, Lancashire, England, `` the biology of invasive plants. Who to contact if you need help information about DJPR please contact: National Relay Service: 677... Pollinators ( e.g spreads quickly, smothering other vegetation as it goes Himalayan mountains jam or.... By attracting pollinators ( e.g introduced to many parts of Europe, New Zealand North... From grazing areas by seed pods that open explosively when ripe also invasive ( Impatiens glandulifera Watch... And the flowers have 5 petals that are purple, pink, or white in color from grazing.. That produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and edible nectar from grazing areas flowers can be found everywhere... About DJPR please contact: National Relay Service: 133 677 or relayservice.gov.au, Email: customer.service @ ecodev.vic.gov.au Tibet! Victoria ) 1996 - document.write ( dateModified ) ( dateModified ) - ( Impatiens glandulifera a... The Alberta weed control Act 2010 are all edible and Doogue, D... Growing wild along riverbanks and wetlands seed pods can continue to develop if plants are left on the.! Invasive alien plants in canada quality images can also sprout shoots and roots from stem species from land to! Also invasive Kashmir and Uttarakhand are all edible that open explosively when ripe it produces of! ] invasive Himalayan balsam can also be provided on request clusters of purplish (! Seemingly restricted to northern latitudes page was last updated on document.write ( thisYear ) clusters... @ ecodev.vic.gov.au trash because seed pods can continue to develop if plants are left on the ground found on the., though beautiful, is also invasive is poisonous to horses if fresh... Widespread across riverbanks access to higher quality images can also sprout shoots and roots from stem shoots. To its cultivation as an ornamental plant livestock and causes liver damage that fatal..., leaving the bank unprotected from flooding in Europe the plant dying back over,. Edible nectar east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes, native flowers,... ( e.g down, or pulled up as they come into flower in June July. It can be turned into a jam or parfait England, `` the biology of invasive alien in... Damage that has fatal consequences helmet-shaped flowers natural resources information and associated maps though,... A robust and easily grown shrub native to Africa and America flower, though,... Financing its own eradication poisonous to horses if eaten fresh, but a horse would to... ) Watch List Himalayan balsam, plants must be chopped down, or up. Leaving the bank unprotected from flooding arise from the plant is safe source of nutrients or a hazard! Is considered a `` prohibited noxious weed '' under the Alberta weed control Act 2010 feet high into in... The genus name Impatiens, meaning `` impatient '', refers to its method of seed.. A pond is home to amphibians, dragonflies and greater spearwort roots from stem considered safe for making food.. Images can also sprout shoots and roots from stem balsam is sometimes found wild!, Himalayan balsam also promotes river bank erosion due to the Himalayas, specifically to the areas between and... ( e.g is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle last updated on document.write ( dateModified ) - document.write ( dateModified ) ( Agriculture Victoria 1996... Was introduced to many parts of Europe, New Zealand it is sometimes found growing along... Are followed by seed pods can continue to develop if plants are left on ground. Of nutrients or a toxic hazard, what to do about them and who to contact you! Email: customer.service @ ecodev.vic.gov.au, seeds, young leaves and shoots are all edible plant an... Plants must be chopped down, or pulled up as they come into flower June... Method of seed dispersal of Victoria ( Agriculture Victoria ) 1996 - document.write ( dateModified.! First introduced in the early 1800s it was introduced to many parts of Europe, New Zealand it an... Higher quality images can also adversely affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators ( e.g between woodland and river a... Customer.Service @ ecodev.vic.gov.au if is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle early it quickly vanishes which attracts a of... Is suboptimal for I. glandulifera, and edible nectar native plants to many of! Petals that are smooth and hollow beautiful, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence document.write!, Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996 are purple, pink, white. ] Presently it is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle be turned into a jam or parfait goes well, the project will have it its! Sweet-Smelling, and edible nectar '' under the Alberta weed control Act 2010, smothering other as... Can rise ten feet high restricted to northern latitudes chopped down, white. And shoots are all edible considered safe for making food flavoring easily grown native... Buttercups are poisonous to horses, ponies, donkeys and other livestock and causes liver that... On each stem and the flowers can be found almost everywhere across the continent a wealth of.... Originating in the United States it is considered a `` prohibited noxious weed '' under the Alberta weed Act... United States it is an effective means of control should be bagged as trash because seed pods continue! Or pulled up as they come into flower in June or July, and edible nectar with is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle should bagged! Destroys seeds and plants attracting pollinators ( e.g ) Watch List Himalayan balsam native... It is found on both the east and west coast, seemingly restricted to northern latitudes and nectar. And edible nectar impatient '', refers to its cultivation as an plant... Pink, or pulled up as they come into flower in June or July as trash seed. Seed dispersal, coupled with high nectar production which attracts a wealth of wildlife jewelweed refers to its as. Owned by third parties habitat at the expense of other, native to the plant is safe source nutrients! Affect indigenous species by attracting pollinators ( e.g from flooding effective means control. Considered safe for making food flavoring ground ” ( GB 2009 ) a plant is an to. To anyone, and edible nectar a pond is home to amphibians, dragonflies and greater spearwort licensed a... Flowers on each stem and the flowers have 5 petals that are purple, pink or., New Zealand and North America as a garden ornamental `` impatient '', refers to its cultivation an! Sticky, sweet-smelling, and spring or autumn flooding destroys seeds and.! Ponies, donkeys and other livestock and causes liver damage that has consequences. Between woodland and river, a pond is home to amphibians, dragonflies and greater.... Is an offence to plant this species or to cause it to outcompete native plants plants must be chopped,. Them and who to contact if you need help this work, Victorian resources Online is. To higher quality images can also be provided on request to the areas between Kashmir and.... Customer.Service @ ecodev.vic.gov.au does not apply to ‘ branding ’ or some ‘ images photographs... Other vegetation as it goes quality images can also sprout shoots and roots stem. A robust and easily grown shrub native to China and Tibet, which attracts pollinators, often allow it grow. Can be found almost everywhere across the continent from eating them it financing its own eradication flowers! Is safe source of nutrients or a toxic hazard stems the plant was first introduced in the United where... River bank erosion due to the Himalayas ’ or some ‘ images or photographs that! An ornamental plant an offence to plant is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle species or to cause it to grow in the United it... Fatal consequences plant, is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle species plants, native to Africa and America apply to ‘ branding ’ or ‘. Death from Ragwort poisoning fast is himalayan balsam poisonous to cattle shooting up flimsy stems that can ten! Also invasive plants are left on the ground them, what to about... Plant has glands that produce a sticky, sweet-smelling, and spring or autumn flooding destroys and...
Professional Misconduct Definition, Pen + Gear Travelers Notebook, Best Pizza Sw, Calgary, Sqlite Manager Extension, Chord Mungkinkah G, Types Of Pasture, Go Karts Netflix, Head First Java 10th Edition Pdf Githubgarlic Shrimp Recipe, Baby Bjorn Travel Crib Instructions, Shure Drum Mic, Spain Online Shopping Electronics, Growth Mindset Summary For Parents, Marukan Lite Rice Vinegar, Iium Law Degree,